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Table 5 Summary of pros and cons of mixing techniques

From: Microfluidic-based production of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC using the cassette-based iMiDEV™ microfluidic radiosynthesizer

Mixing technique

Pros

Cons

Normal flow

Simple setup and procedure

Poor mixing due to bubble formation

Easy to implement

Poor or no radiolabeling achieved

Continuous flow

Good radiolabeling in some cases

High back pressure on R1 affects mixing

Continuous mixing of reagents in R2

Reproducibility issue with various batches of cassette

Alternative flow

Average to good radiolabeling yield

Poor mixing and bubble formation in R2

Partial elution and addition of buffer mixture

Issues with filling R2

Pulse flow

Achieved reproducibility and high radiolabeling yield

Requires precise timing for opening MFVs

Increased surface area for reagent interaction

Careful control needed to avoid bubble formation