Production of radiometals in liquid targets

do Carmo, Sergio J. C.; Scott, Peter J. H.; Alves, Francisco

doi:10.1186/s41181-019-0088-x

EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry

Table 4 Production characteristics for the radiometals obtained in biomedical cyclotrons through the irradiation of liquid targets for both the liquid target and solid target techniques

From: Production of radiometals in liquid targets

Radionuclide	Nuclear reaction	Liquid target technique					Solid target technique		References
		Proton	Concentration		Produced	Production	Concentration	Production
		energy	of target nuclide	Irradiation	Activities	yield	of target nuclide	yield
		(MeV)	(mg/ml)		(MBq)	(MBq/μA _{@ sat})	(g/cm3)	(MBq/μA _{@ sat})
⁴⁴Sc	^natCa(p,x)⁴⁴Sc	12	180	60 min @ 7,8 μA	6,3	1,94-4,6			(Hoehr et al. 2014)
		16					1,55	179	(Valdovinos et al. 2015)
	⁴⁴Ca(p,n)⁴⁴Sc	11					1,15	400	(Krajewski et al. 2013)
⁶¹Cu	^natZn(p,x)⁶¹Cu	16,9	250	45 min @ 25 μA	300	83			(do Carmo et al. 2017)
				3 h @ 70 μA	2270				(do Carmo et al. 2018)
	^natNi(p,x)⁶¹Cu	–	494	50-120 min @ 20 μA	–	–			(Engelbrecht et al. 2013a)
	^natZn(p,x)⁶¹Cu	22 → 12					7,13	2811	(Rowshanfarzad et al. 2006)
		11,4						100	(Asad et al. 2016)
⁶⁴Cu	⁶⁴Ni(p,n)⁶⁴Cu	16,9	25	300 min @ 70 μA	5000	300			(Alves et al. 2017b)
		–	15	120 min @ 10 μA	90	87			(Engelbrecht et al. 2013b)
		11,4					8,91	5883	(Avila-Rodriguez et al. 2007)
		15,5						3642	(McCarthy et al. 1997b)
⁶³Zn	⁶³Cu(p,n)⁶³Zn	14	232-321	60 min @ 20 μA	2000–3060	151–309			(DeGrado et al. 2014)
⁶³Zn	^natCu(p,x)⁶³Zn	13,5 → 11,4					8,96	1688	(Guerra Gomez et al. 2012)
⁶⁸Ga	^natZn(p,n)⁶⁸Ga	12	307	60 min @ 7 μA	480	141			(Oehlke et al. 2015)
	⁶⁸Zn(p,n)⁶⁸Ga	14	116	30 min @ 20 μA	2250	430			(Pandey et al. 2014b)
		16,1-12,9	33	50 min @ 45 μA	6000	330			(Alves et al. 2017a; Alves et al. 2017b)
		12	115	32 min @ 46 μA	4200	320			(Riga et al. 2018)
		15					7,14	8872	(Sadeghi et al. 2009)
⁸⁶Y	^natSr(p,x)⁸⁶Y	12	196	60 min @ 4,6 μA	7,4	31			(Oehlke et al. 2015)
	⁸⁶Sr(p,n)⁸⁶Y	–	137	60-120 min @ 10–15 μA	500–1000	743			(Ralis et al. 2010)
		14,2 → 8,4					2,1	1253	(Lukic et al. 2009)
		16						1820	(Schmitz 2011)
		14,5 → 10,4					3,97	3848	(Yoo et al. 2005)
⁸⁹Zr	^natY(p,n)⁸⁹Zr	14	177,8-244,5	60–120 min @ 20–40 μA	81–349	500			(Pandey et al. 2014a) (Pandey et al. 2016)
		12	204,0	60 min @ 7,3 μA	32	360			(Oehlke et al. 2015)
		15					4,47	6970	(Holland et al. 2009)
^94mTc	^natMo(p,x)^94mTc	13	177-541	60 min @ 5 μA	12–110	16–40			(Hoehr et al. 2012)
		13 → 7					6,5	2600	(Roesch et al. 1994)
		12,1						602	(Szajek et al. 2003)
		14,7						1964	(Bigott et al. 2001)

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