Radiolabeled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: radiopharmacy in the era of nanotechnology

EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry

Table 5 Selected potential nano/micro-materials labeled with ²²³Ra

²²³Ra labeled NPs	Particle size	Labeling method	Stage of research	References
Hydroxyapatite	21.7 ± 6.9 nm (TEM)	Surface sorption, Intrinsic labeling	In vitro, radiochemical analysis	Kukleva et al. 2019; Suchánková et al. 2020b)
CaCO₃	3–30 μm (light scattering)	Surface sorption	In vivo, rodents	Li et al. 2020)
Fe₃O₄	4–26 nm (TEM) 284 nm (DLS)	Surface sorption	In vitro, radiochemical analysis	Mokhodoeva et al. 2016)
Barium ferrite	14–30 nm (TEM)	Intrinsic labeling	In vitro, cell lines	Gawęda et al. 2020)
LaPO₄	3–10 nm (TEM)	Surface sorption, Intrinsic labeling	In vitro, radiochemical analysis	Toro-González et al. 2020)
TiO₂	5.3 ± 1.7 nm (TEM)	Surface sorption, Intrinsic labeling	In vitro, radiochemical analysis	Kukleva et al. 2019; Suchánková et al. 2020b)
BaSO₄	140 ± 50 nm (TEM/DLS)	Intrinsic labeling	In vitro, radiochemical analysis	Reissig et al. 2019)
GdVO₄	length: 23–48 nm, width: 16–32 nm (TEM, pH dependent)	Intrinsic labeling	In vitro, radiochemical analysis	Toro-González et al. 2020)
Nanozeolite	30–800 nm (SEM) 226.1 ± 44.2 nm (DLS)	Intrinsic labeling	In vivo, rodents	Czerwińska et al. 2020; Lankoff et al. 2021)
Nanodiamonds Graphene oxide Nanotubes	3–10 nm > 100 nm (HR-TEM) 30 nm	Surface sorption	In vitro radiochemical analysis	Kazakov et al. 2020))
Nanomicelles	129.4 nm ± 0.3 (DLS)	Encapsulation	In vitro, cell lines	Yang et al. 2022)