Table 1 Representative examples of carriers that have been loaded or conjugated to holmium and to the dysprosium/holmium generator

Bone seeking agents

DOTMP

(Bayouth et al. 1995a; Bayouth et al. 1995b; Parks et al. 1993; Giralt et al. 2003; Breitz et al. 2006; Rajendran et al. 2002; Ueno et al. 2009; Breitz et al. 2003a)

EDTMP

(Sohaib et al. 2011; Bahrami-Samani et al. 2010; Appelbaum et al. 1992; Louw et al. 1996)

PAM

(Vaez-Tehrani et al. 2016)

TTHMP

(Yousefnia et al. 2014)

APDDMP

(Marques et al. 2006; Zeevaart et al. 2001)

Antibodies

DO3A-4B4

(Ballard et al. 2011)

CHX-A"DTPA-6D2

(Thompson et al. 2014)

DOTA-CC49 MeO-DOTA-CC49

(Mohsin et al. 2006; Mohsin et al. 2011)

Other complexes

DTPA

(Majali et al. 2001; Hong et al. 2002)

DOTA

(Das et al. 2003)

Chitosan

(Ha et al. 2013; Huh et al. 2005; Kim et al. 2006; Kwak et al. 2005; Suzuki et al. 1998; Lee et al. 2006; Cho et al. 2010; Song et al. 2001; Lee et al. 2003)

Oxine lipiodol

(Das et al. 2009b)

PMMA

(Hirsch et al. 2008)

Microparticles

Glass

(Costa et al. 2009; Brown et al. 1991)

Resin

(Turner et al. 1994; Subramanian et al. 2018; Costa and Osso Junior 2008)

Alginate

(Zielhuis et al. 2007)

Lipiodol-alginate

(Oerlemans et al. 2015)

AcAc-PLLA

(Nijsen et al. 1999; Mumper et al. 1992)

Polyester

(Mumper and Jay 1992)

AcAc

(Bult et al. 2012; Bult et al. 2009)

PO₄

(Bult et al. 2012; Arranja et al. 2018)

Hydroxiapatite

(Das et al. 2009a; Unni et al. 2002)

Ferric hydroxide (FHMA)

(Makela et al. 2004; Makela et al. 2003b; Vuorela et al. 2005; Kraft et al. 2007; Cho et al. 2010; Makela et al. 2004; Ofluoglu et al. 2002)

Nanoparticles

Mesoroporous silica nanoparticles

(Di Pasqua et al. 2013)

Mesoroporous carbon nanoparticles

(Kim et al. 2017)

AcAc-DSPE-PEG

(Di Pasqua et al. 2012)

AcAc-PLLA

(Hamoudeh et al. 2008)

AcAc

(Bult et al. 2010)

Liposomes

DPPC:Chol:PEG-DSPE

(Zielhuis et al. 2006)

Patches

Tape

(Lee et al. 1997; Chung et al. 2000)

Nanofibers

(Munaweera et al. 2014)

Ceramic materials

Seeds

(Diniz et al. 2017; Valente et al. 2011; Nogueira and Campos 2011; Nogueira and de Campos 2012; Nogueira and Campos 2016; Hosseini et al. 2013; Valente and Campos 2010; Won et al. 2005)

Membranes

(Nogueira and de Campos 2012)

Generator

DTPA complex

(Smith et al. 1995)

Macroaggregates

(Makela et al. 2003a; Park et al. 1996; McLaren et al. 1990; Sledge et al. 1977)

DTPA-Biotin

(Ferro-Flores et al. 2004; Ferro-Flores et al. 2003)

EDTMP

(Pedraza-Lopez et al. 2004a)

MOFDOTMP

(Vosoghi et al. 2016)

Chitosan microspheres

(Cho and Choi 2018)